CNC vertical machining centers (VMCs) remain machine shop staples. These milling machines have vertically oriented spindles that approach workpieces mounted on their table from above and commonly perform 2.5- or 3-axis machining operations. They are less costly than horizontal machining centers (HMCs), which makes them attractive to small job shops as well as larger machining operations. In addition, the performance of these machines has increased over the years, leveraging technologies such as high-speed spindles and advanced CNC capabilities (including conversational control programming). Ancillary equipment is also available to increase the flexibility and capability of these machines, including spindle speeders, angle heads, tool- and part-probes, quick-change workholding devices, and rotary indexers to enable four- or five-axis machining work.
Lean Approach to Automated Machine Tending Delivers Quicker Paths to Success
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Vertical Machining Centers: Essential Reading
Machining 101: What are Machining Centers?
Machining centers offer a wide range of possible operations, but that adaptability comes with the need to stay flexible and perform successful measurements at all times.
Why Was CNC Machining on Display at the Biggest Show for Additive Manufacturing?
Machining is a complement to AM as a means of finishing metal 3D printed parts. The increasing adoption of AM for production means more need for postprocessing, particularly machining.
When Machining Long Parts, Machine Shop Climate Matters
Machining long titanium tufting needle bars required a milling machine with a super-long X-axis travel. But the real challenge was thermal compensation in the Georgia heat.
Why a Two-Spindle VMC? Double the Machining Without Double the Footprint
The two-spindle VMC increases output where space and other factors are constrained. With W-axis compensation for Z-height differences, setups don’t have to be perfect to use two spindles in tandem.
Buying a VMC: Considering Toolchanger, Coolant Delivery and Chip Removal
Among characteristics like structure and spindle quality, here are a few factors to consider when buying a vertical machining center.
FAQ: Vertical Machining Centers
What is a vertical machining center?
Horizontal and vertical three-axis machines differ primarily in the inclination of the spindle, with the spindles of horizontal machines parallel to the surface of the machine table and the spindles of vertical machines perpendicular to the surface, although individual constructions vary widely to support different applications.
For a vertical machining center, the X-axis controls left-and-right movement, parallel to the workholding surface; the Y-axis controls front-and-back movement, perpendicular to the X- and Z-axes; and the Z-axis controls up-and-down movement. Most machines use a fixed spindle and a moving table, or a fixed table and a moving spindle. Spindle rotation is never considered an axis.
What is a machining center?
Typically, machining centers are numerically controlled machines with multipurpose capabilities. This flexibility not only allows for productivity improvements but also allows for one machine to replace several single-purpose machines.
Machining centers provide the ability to perform several operations on a workpiece, from roughing to finishing, with a single setup.
What are some things to consider when buying a VMC?
Accuracy and Repeatability
The ability to machine parts to a tight tolerance and to do so time after time must be considered. That is where a machine’s design and construction come into play.
Thermal Growth and Components That Counter It
Machine stability is primarily affected by thermal growth. Spindles generate heat, as do ballscrews, machine tables and guideway systems. In addition, the faster a machine moves, the more friction and heat it generates. This heat contributes significantly to changes in the size and position of machine components, causing a machine to “grow” or distort and the location of the spindle nose or tool point to move unpredictably. Because of these shifts, one of the biggest challenges of five-axis machining is the inability of the control system to calculate the exact position of axis pivot points at all times.
A Firm Foundation
A machine’s foundation and placement on the shop floor can greatly affect performance. Although it may be OK simply to set commodity machines on an existing concrete or wood floor, machining at high rates with rapid axis acceleration may require the machine to be tied down so it doesn’t “walk” across the floor. Heavy depths of cut on some materials also may cause excessive vibration, requiring the machine to be securely anchored to the floor.
Spindle Speeds, Torque and Horsepower
Selecting a machine with the appropriate range of spindle speeds is a critical consideration. The trends in recent years have been toward coated tooling, smaller tools, shallower depths of cut and higher feed rates. Smaller tools require a higher spindle speed. Faster feeds and speeds deliver better surface finishes.
CAT, BT and HSK
After selecting the spindle that best meets the horsepower, spindle speed and torque requirements comes selecting the type or style of tooling taper and its size. Tooling taper refers to the peculiar cone shape of the portion of a toolholder that fits inside the opening of the spindle. Every spindle is designed to accept a certain standardized taper style and size. Other styles or sizes cannot be used. Three taper styles are primarily used today: CAT, BT and HSK.
Selecting the Spindle Taper Size
The size of the spindle taper and the corresponding shank taper has much to do with the weight and length of the tools being used and the amount of material to be removed.
Selecting the Toolchanger
The toolchanger specified for a new VMC must have an adequate number of tooling pockets and be able to accommodate the size and weight of the cutting tool assemblies.
Coolant Concerns
For certain applications, optional provisions for delivering coolant at high pressure directly through the spindle are recommended. Coolant pressure as high as 1,000 psi is intended to promote chip evacuation from deep bores in which chip breaking is directed at the tool point.
Chip Removal
Chip removal is an important consideration that is often overlooked in the evaluation of a new CNC machine. Whether chips are evacuated from the machining zone with water, oil or air jets, they will fall to the bottom of the machine. A smaller volume of chips can be removed by an auger, which is typically standard on most VMCs, but a large volume of chips may require a conveyor.
Vertical Machining Centers Suppliers
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Positioned to Prevail: Designing Processes Around People
Stecker Machine Company shows that getting the most value from employees means valuing your employees.
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Vertical Lathe Executes Heavy-Duty, Long and Continuous Cutting
New VT1000EX Vertical Lathe from Okuma America Corp. possesses the capability to cut and machine difficult materials through, according to Okuma, its highly rigid, mechanical configuration, extreme thrust and torque.
VMC Enables Reliable Unmanned Five-Axis Production
IMTS22: Matsuura showcases a range of machining centers, including the new MX-420 PC10 configured with 10 pallets and 90 tools.
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Vertical Machining Center Designed for Flexibility
IMTS22: Hardinge’s Bridgeport XR1000 VMC is said to be ideal for machining everything from simple workpieces and quality molds/dies to complex prismatic parts.
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What to Do When Five-Axis Machining Is Off the Table
For Fischer USA, 3+2 machining with a high-precision rotary table adds flexibility without the cost of a full five-axis machine.
Heavy Engineering: The Complex Logistics of Moving Large Machine Tools
One of our fascinations with large-format machine tools has little to do with their capabilities, but everything to do with the logistics involved with getting them up and running. Here’s how one of the world’s oldest builders of giant machine tools tackles the challenge.
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Watchmaking: A Machinist’s View
Old-world craftsmanship combines with precision machining on a vertical machining center and Swiss-type lathe to produce some of the only U.S.-made mechanical wristwatch movements.
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